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This publication explores marine renewable energy sources from floating solar farms to deep ocean turbines and shows how increasing the capacity of the blue economy can help the Asia and Pacific region transition to a clean energy, low carbon future. Providing an overview of ADB's Marine Aquaculture, Reefs, Renewable Energy, and Ecotourism for Ecosystem Services project, it examines stressors impacting the region's oceans and examines the be...

This report acts as a road map for the phased implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards in Uzbekistan as part of reform initiatives to bolster transparency, better understand its finances, and improve decision-making. Outlining why implementing IPSAS will take over a decade, it assesses current public financial management and how to close accounting standard gaps. It underscores the need for dedicated project managem...

Highlighting the importance of Asia's small and medium enterprises, this report shows how economies can learn from policies employed by the Republic of Korea and the United States to offer SMEs the credit they need to thrive. With SMEs making up some 96% of all Asian businesses, the report explains the challenges they commonly face and analyzes the impact of specialized financing facilities in the ROK and the US. It offers a study of public ...

Detailing how Australia's Therapeutics Goods Administration conducted horizon scanning for new vaccines during the pandemic to assist ADB, this report is designed to help countries in Asia and the Pacific prepare for future outbreaks. It provides details of 16 vaccine manufacturers with novel and established vaccine technologies adapted to new pathogens like SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Offering information on their vaccine pi...

This publication examines pollution control technologies and looks at their suitability for use in small-scale agriculture. Agriculture generates pollution that is diverse and complex. This publication explores how small-scale operations with limited resources can control pollution and manage health and safety issues. It compares major pollution control technologies, especially their cost-effectiveness in tackling air and water pollution an...

This report analyzes how to detangle and simplify the complex product-specific rules of origin (PSRO) in free trade agreements in Asia and the Pacific and explores how technology can cut red tape and reduce inefficiencies impacting trade. It compares the leniency and stringency of PSROs under the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in terms of manufacturing requirements with those contained in ASEAN+1 free trade agreements. As...

This report analyzes ways to match youth in Asia and the Pacific with quality jobs and shows why approaches that consider nonlinear transitions into and within the labor market can help underpin productivity and social progress. Noting some four out of five young people in the region work informally, it reviews job matching models including commercial and government online platforms, digital bootcamps, and corporate-funded programs. It expla...

This report analyzes the online learning experiences of higher education students in six Asian countries during the pandemic to illustrate how to provide technical and learning support, narrow the digital divide, and direct future policy. Drawing on surveys from Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, and Viet Nam, its touches on areas including internet availability, student satisfaction, and levels of student-te...

This edition analyzes how financial conditions weakened and bond yields rose in most emerging East Asian markets between 1 September and 10 November amid expectations that the United States Federal Reserve would keep interest rates elevated for an extended period. The report covers the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, China, and the Republic of Korea. It explains how overall risks to regional...

This report outlines how the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program could set up a disaster risk transfer facility to help members strengthen risk management. The CAREC region is highly exposed to natural hazards, particularly earthquakes and floods, and the adverse economic impacts of climate change. A regional disaster risk transfer facility could help CAREC countries diversify risk, reduce costs, increase access to internation...

Analyzing rural wastewater management in the People's Republic of China, this publication considers current financing, policy, and institutional frameworks, and proposes ways forward. It outlines the health, social and economic impacts of inadequate wastewater management in rural areas, considers cost recovery methods, and assesses the challenges of pulling in private sector investment. Drawing on case studies and international best practice...

Underlining why gender equality is a core component of sustainable infrastructure design, this report considers four key ADB investment sectors in Asia and the Pacific and sets out ways to evaluate gender-enhanced project outcomes. The report outlines theories of change and indicators designed to enable gender-inclusive infrastructure investment in urban development, transport, energy, and water, sanitation, and hygiene. Designed to serve a...

This publication shares lessons from performance-based road maintenance contracts implemented in Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China, and Tajikistan. It outlines the contract scope, performance standards, inspections, response and reaction times, payments and deductions, and procurement and contract costs. The publication highlights learning from the different experiences and provides recommend...

This publication examines an alternative way to provide education more efficiently and effectively through public-private partnerships by looking into the secondary education policy of the Republic of Korea and Japan. Focusing on the financial support for private schools and on the accountability system, it explores the contribution of public-private partnerships in universal secondary education in these two countries. Despite initial chall...

Indonesia's micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) are crucial drivers of economic growth, and this joint publication with Gojek looks at the potential of digital sales to strengthen their resilience. It shares findings from a study of MSME merchants using Gojek's GoFood platform during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that Gojek played an important role in the continued operation of MSMEs that otherwise would have been cut off f...

This report assesses how Indonesia is implementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the subnational government (SNG) level, identifies gaps and good practices, and outlines ways to speed up progress. The report assesses the funding mechanisms and robust legal frameworks governing Indonesia's SNGs and tracks a consistent pattern of progress across its provinces towards most of the SDGs. It shows why Indonesia needs t...

This publication assesses the Kyrgyz Republic's rising exposure to landslides and looks at how ADB is providing a $35 million finance package to develop a risk reduction program designed to boost preparedness and cut their impact. Explaining why factors including rainfall patterns and high seismic activity make the country prone to landslides, it shows that over 30, 000 people are at immediate risk from the events with women and marginalize...

This note is intended to guide the Asian Development Bank, executing and implementing agencies, consultants, and contractors in setting up, adapting, and managing grievance redness mechanisms assigned to receive reports on sexual exploitation, abuse, and harassment in ADB-financed projects with civil works. The proposed reporting mechanisms and case handling processes in this publication are based on good practices by international developm...

This technical report assesses the string of events that triggered Nepal's Melamchi River floods in 2021 and highlights threats to the catchment area that provides vital drinking water to Kathmandu's fast-growing population. The report explains how floods damaged key water supply infrastructure and analyses risks posed by earthquakes, glacial lakes, and landslides, as climate change complicates conditions in the fragile Himalayas. It shows ...

Analyzing the potential of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) to secure a low-carbon environment for Asia and the Pacific, this Asian Development Bank (ADB) compendium features 11 CCUS technologies and tools. As ADB strives to facilitate this low-carbon future for the region within the next half of this century, the compendium explores how CCUS can enhance sustainable energy security and compliance with international commitments...