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This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the original. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions that are true to the original work.

Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Abī Bakr al-Bannāʾ al-Shāmī al-Muqaddasī is one of the most prominent representatives of Arabic geography in the second half of the 10th century CE. Building on the tradition of the "atlas of Islam" of which al-Iṣṭakhrī and Ibn Ḥawqal were also representatives, al-Muqaddasī was the first to systematize the subject into a proper science of geography of Islam for the benefit of both merchants and t...

About the Book Books on the History of the Middle East describe some of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the Egyptian, and followed by the Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Iranian and Persia empires. Much of the Eastern Mediterranean region of the Middle East was absorbed into the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC, and much of it was later dominated by the Byzantine Empire. The rise of Islam ultimately led to the dominance of the Turki...

This is a reprint of Kitāb Futūḥ al-buldān by Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-Balādhurī (d. c. 892 CE), edited by M.J. de Goeje and originally titled Liber expugnationis regionum (Leiden, 1866). The work offers an account of the early conquests of the Islamic polity. It has the form of a geographical survey of the Caliphate's territories, describing how each location came under Muslim rule.

Ibn al-Faqih was the Iranian author of a Geography in Arabic entitled Kitab al-buldan written around the year 903. The original work is lost, but the abridged version, possibly composed around 1022, has survived in a handful of manuscripts. Only three manuscripts were known during De Goeje's life and he used them all for his edition, which was originally published in 1885. Its introduction includes a summary of Ibn Faqih's life on the basis of...

Abu 'Ali Ahmad b. 'Umar Ibn Rusta was born in Isfahan at an unknown date and he flourished in the first decade of the 10th century CE. Only the seventh volume of his Kitab al-A'laq al-nafisa has survived. The work deals with mathematical, descriptive and human geography and a variety of historical and other subjects. One of his sources seems to have been a more complete version of Ibn Khurradadhbih, which has not survived. The Kitab al-A'laq a...

Abu 'l-Qasim 'Ubayd Allah b. 'Abd Allah Ibn Khurradadhbih (d. c. 911 CE) is one of the earliest geographical writers in Arabic whose writings have survived more or less in their original form. The Kitab al-Masalik wa l-mamalik ('The book of itineraries and kingdoms') made his reputation. In this edition, Ibn Khurradadhbih's geographical text is published alongside an excerpt from Qudama Ibn Ja'far's Kitab al-Kharaj, which relied on the same so...

Little is known about the life of Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad al-Iṣṭakhrī, the author of Kitāb al-Masālik wa l-mamālik, which was written towards the end of the first half of the 10th century CE. The work built on the earlier concept of the "atlas of Islam", which it developed further. The climates (iqlīm) it describes are no longer those of Ptolemean geography, but, reflecting the Iranian tradition, refer to geographical entities or "countr...

The journeys of Abū l-Qāsim Ibn Ḥawqal, who might have been a merchant, took him to North Africa, Spain and the southern edge of the Sahara (947-51), Egypt, Armenia and Azerbaijan (c. 955), the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Khuzistan, and Iran (961-69), Khwarazm and Transoxania (c. 969), and Sicily (973). By about 988 CE the final version of Ibn Ḥawqal's Kitāb Ṣūrat al-arḍ was ready. It is effectively both a continuation and an update of al-Iṣṭakhr...

This volume, which was originally published in 1879, contains the indices compiled by M.J. de Goeje to his critical text editions of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Kitāb al-Masālik wa l-mamālik (BGA I:1), Ibn Ḥawqal's Kitāb Ṣūrat al-arḍ (BGA I:2) and al-Muqaddasī's Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm (BGA I:3). It also includes his Arabic-Latin glossary to these works, and additions and corrections.

This is the second edition by M.J. de Goeje of the Arabic text of al-Muqaddasī's Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm, the first BGA edition of which was published in 1877 by the same editor. Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Abī Bakr al-Bannāʾ al-Shāmī al-Muqaddasī is one of the most prominent representatives of Arabic geography in the second half of the 10th century CE. Building on the tradition of the "atlas of Islam" of whi...

Al-Mas'udi composed his Kitab al-Tanbih wal-ishraf in the years 955 and 956, finishing it not long before his death. Based in part on earlier historical-geographical works, it offers a description of astronomical and meteorological phenomena, the divisions of the earth, the seas, ancient nations, universal chronology, and then the history of Islam until the caliphate of al-Muti' (r. 946-74).