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The history of the brain and the fulcrum of memory can be dated back to humanity's early history in the 17th century BCE in ancient Egypt, but we still do not comprehend the detailed subtleties of the brain's functioning in health or disease. Memory, that wonderful but critical property of the brain, refers to the psychological processes of acquiring, retaining, storing, and later retrieving information. How memories are formed has been a perp...

The history of the brain and the fulcrum of memory can be dated back to humanity's early history in the 17th century BCE in ancient Egypt, but we still do not comprehend the detailed subtleties of the brain's functioning in health or disease. Memory, that wonderful but critical property of the brain, refers to the psychological processes of acquiring, retaining, storing, and later retrieving information. How memories are formed has been a perp...

Tourette's syndrome is a multifaceted disorder that affects 0.6%-1% of the global population. Across their lifespan, affected individuals suffer a worse quality of life than the general population. The hallmarks of the disease are motor and vocal/phonic tics. The severity of the tics is influenced by stressful life events, anxiety, fatigue, and behavioral co-morbidities, more commonly attention-deficit hyperactive disorder and obsessive-compul...

Tourette's syndrome is a multifaceted disorder that affects 0.6%-1% of the global population. Across their lifespan, affected individuals suffer a worse quality of life than the general population. The hallmarks of the disease are motor and vocal/phonic tics. The severity of the tics is influenced by stressful life events, anxiety, fatigue, and behavioral co-morbidities, more commonly attention-deficit hyperactive disorder and obsessive-compul...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is caused by an autoimmune attack resulting in the progressive loss of the myelin sheath on neuronal axons. The resultant decrease in the speed of signal transduction leads to a loss of functionality that includes both cognitive and motor impairment depending on the location of the lesion. The progression of MS occurs due to episodes of in...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is caused by an autoimmune attack resulting in the progressive loss of the myelin sheath on neuronal axons. The resultant decrease in the speed of signal transduction leads to a loss of functionality that includes both cognitive and motor impairment depending on the location of the lesion. The progression of MS occurs due to episodes of in...

Epilepsy is an ancient disease that has fascinated and frightened scientists and laymen alike. Before we acquired a working knowledge of the central nervous system, seizures were shrouded in mystery. In antiquity, the disease was accredited to gods and demonic possession, causing those with epilepsy to be feared and isolated. Epilepsy patients continued to face discrimination through the mid-20th century. This discrimination ranged from lack o...

Epilepsy is an ancient disease that has fascinated and frightened scientists and laymen alike. Before we acquired a working knowledge of the central nervous system, seizures were shrouded in mystery. In antiquity, the disease was accredited to gods and demonic possession, causing those with epilepsy to be feared and isolated. Epilepsy patients continued to face discrimination through the mid-20th century. This discrimination ranged from lack o...

Human history has been befallen by a long chain of famines, epidemics, and pandemics. During this current COVID-19 pandemic, our world remains under-prepared to predict, detect, respond, prevent infectious disease outbreaks, and a fortiori pandemics-whether naturally occurring, accidental, or deliberately released. These threats endanger lives, disrupt families and societies, and wreak havoc on economies. They represent the ultimate equal oppo...

Human history has been befallen by a long chain of famines, epidemics, and pandemics. During this current COVID-19 pandemic, our world remains under-prepared to predict, detect, respond, prevent infectious disease outbreaks, and a fortiori pandemics-whether naturally occurring, accidental, or deliberately released. These threats endanger lives, disrupt families and societies, and wreak havoc on economies. They represent the ultimate equal oppo...

Nanotechnology includes diverse fields of engineering and science and may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications (in nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, biomaterials, energy production, consumer products, etc.). The effects of artificial nanomaterials on the human body have long been known, as many practical uses of nanoparticles go back a long time, but medical applications are of special relevance. As a...

Nanotechnology includes diverse fields of engineering and science and may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications (in nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, biomaterials, energy production, consumer products, etc.). The effects of artificial nanomaterials on the human body have long been known, as many practical uses of nanoparticles go back a long time, but medical applications are of special relevance. As a...

Over the natural history of zoonoses and their emergence or re-emergence in the early 21st century, the general causes have been a mixture of humans' creation of new urban or agricultural ecosystems in the ruins of older, non-human dominated ecosystems, economies of scale and monocultures in agriculture, fast global travel and unfettered free trade, loss of land and sea biodiversity, social inequities, marginalization of poor people, rapid spr...

Over the natural history of zoonoses and their emergence or re-emergence in the early 21st century, the general causes have been a mixture of humans' creation of new urban or agricultural ecosystems in the ruins of older, non-human dominated ecosystems, economies of scale and monocultures in agriculture, fast global travel and unfettered free trade, loss of land and sea biodiversity, social inequities, marginalization of poor people, rapid spr...

Cancer is one of the oldest diseases seen in human specimens, quite possibly the oldest, the quest for its cure having begun some 4, 000 years ago. However, it was fleetingly rare, hidden by other illnesses such as cholera, dropsy, leprosy, plague, pneumonia, smallpox, and tuberculosis. As these diseases were vanquished, and as the human lifespan lengthens, cancer has emerged. Many diseases are lumped together under the denomination "cancer, "...

Cancer is one of the oldest diseases seen in human specimens, quite possibly the oldest, the quest for its cure having begun some 4, 000 years ago. However, it was fleetingly rare, hidden by other illnesses such as cholera, dropsy, leprosy, plague, pneumonia, smallpox, and tuberculosis. As these diseases were vanquished, and as the human lifespan lengthens, cancer has emerged. Many diseases are lumped together under the denomination "cancer, "...

Our earliest recorded history of brain diseases dates back to the neolithic period (12, 000 BCE) when trephination (or trepanation) was practiced by diverse societies. Although begun in prehistory, trephination did not disappear as human society progressed. Trephined skulls were found in ancient regions of the Middle East, Europe, and China. Even today, a different form of the world's oldest surgery (craniotomy) is sometimes performed by moder...

Our earliest recorded history of brain diseases dates back to the neolithic period (12, 000 BCE) when trephination (or trepanation) was practiced by diverse societies. Although begun in prehistory, trephination did not disappear as human society progressed. Trephined skulls were found in ancient regions of the Middle East, Europe, and China. Even today, a different form of the world's oldest surgery (craniotomy) is sometimes performed by moder...

Dementia is an umbrella term for several brain diseases affecting memory, other cognitive abilities, and behavior. It causes a long-term gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember, interfering significantly with daily living activities. Other common symptoms include emotional problems, language difficulties, and decreased motivation. Although age is its strongest known risk factor, dementia is not a normal part of aging. With increa...

Dementia is an umbrella term for several brain diseases affecting memory, other cognitive abilities, and behavior. It causes a long-term gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember, interfering significantly with daily living activities. Other common symptoms include emotional problems, language difficulties, and decreased motivation. Although age is its strongest known risk factor, dementia is not a normal part of aging. With increa...