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Globalization has widened the scope of multinational enterprises, or MNEs, making them increasingly transnational. At the same time, social actors such as trade unions, social movements, nongovernmental organizations, and consumers' organizations, have remained mostly at the national level. This great mismatch in range of operations has made negotiating between the two extremely difficult if not impossible. In response, private initiatives hav...

An International Labor Office and Palgrave MacMillan publication In recent years, many multinational enterprises have adopted corporate codes of conduct with social provisions. Increasingly, they are now signing international framework agreements (IFAs) with global unions representing workers by sector of activity. In addition to regulating labor-management relations across global value chains, these agreements aim to promote compliance with I...