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The disposal of large quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW) being generated by industrialized countries has become a serious problem. Since it is estimated that within 10 years, half of all municipalities will lack sufficient landfill space, many cities are considering municipal waste combustion as an alternative waste management option.\ Municipal waste combustors have been a source of contention in many local communities and a growing re...

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Biological markers (biomarkers) are useful tools for understanding the nature and extent of human exposure and risk from environmental toxicants. Biomarkers are classified into three basic categories: exposure, effect, or susceptibility. A marker of exposure is the product of the interaction between a target cell or molecule and a foreign substance (NAS, 1989). These markers can be used to determine the biologically effective dose necessary to...

I. Overview Of Risk Assessment.- 1. The Risk Analysis Process.- 2. Current Views of the Biology of Cancer.- II. The Use Of Scientific Data In Risk Assessment.- 3. Use of Short-Term Test Data in Risk Analysis of Chemical Carcinogens.- 4. Use of Animal Bioassay Data in Carcinogen Risk Assessment.- III. Exposure Assessment.- 5. Assessing the Extent of Human Exposure to Organics.- 6. Partitioning Models.- 7. Pharmacokinetics.- IV. Special Issues I...

Biological markers (biomarkers) are useful tools for understanding the nature and extent of human exposure and risk from environmental toxicants. Biomarkers are classified into three basic categories: exposure, effect, or susceptibility. A marker of exposure is the product of the interaction between a target cell or molecule and a foreign substance (NAS, 1989). These markers can be used to determine the biologically effective dose necessary to...