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The book represents different Methodologies to check the validity of Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis and its sources of deviation in case of Pakistan. The study used annual data for the period of 1973-2009. Engle & Granger and Johansen cointegration approaches are used to check the long run and short run dynamics among variables. Structural consumption function is estimated by using ordinary least square method and Euler equations are estimat...

Donkeys are extremely valuable animals in Pakistan because they are increasingly used in transportation of goods, cultivation of lands and are one of the cheapest sources of labour. Donkeys are extremely important as their use is much more in transportation and labour as compared to horses. Donkeys have a major socio-economic importance in many areas. Despite the advancement in mechanization, donkeys are still the "beasts of burden". Under sma...

Water availability for sustainable agriculture is becoming extremely critical factor with passage of time. There is dire need to enhance water use efficiency in crops so that higher crop yields could be obtained from limited sources of water. A series of experiments conducted during last several years under field conditions to assess the effectiveness of novel bacteria having ACC-deaminase enzyme for improving growth and yield of cereals. Afte...

Pakistani society predominantly is a conservative society. Different thought groups are struggling to dominate the society as well as state. Religious stratification has its own shades. Fundamentalists, extremists, moderates, modernists, traditionalists and conservatives have different views about human rights. Some consider them alien to Islam, others argue that Islam preaches the promotion of Human rights and protects individual freedom. The...

Since ancient times the mankind has been using natural herbal remedies in crude form for curing illnesses. Naturally, the common route of drug administration has been per oral for common diseases and topical for wounds and superficial problems.Along the course of time various other routes of drug administration came into practice. Today, even very specialized routes are being used e.g., intra cardiac injection and sublingual tablets. Despite a...