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Financial mathematics refers to the application of mathematical methods and models to financial concerns. It uses techniques from statistics, economic theory, probability, and stochastic processes. The application of mathematics to the financial sector is based on several financial or economic hypotheses. It employs abstract mathematical methods in order to build mathematical models of the functioning of financial mechanisms. Mathematics is al...

The synthesis of nanoparticles can be done using biological, physical and chemical pathways. Green synthesis of nanomaterials refers to the synthesis of diverse metal nanoparticles utilizing bioactive agents. These include microorganisms, plant materials, and several biowastes such as eggshells, vegetable waste, agricultural waste, and fruit peel trash. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is aimed to reduce waste and develop sustainable technique...

An alloy refers to a type of mixture made up of chemical elements. It contains atleast one metal. Alloys are used widely as construction materials in many industries. The manufacturing technology, the chemical composition, and (micro) structure of the alloy, all influence the functional qualities of these materials. Some of the popular alloys are steel, brass, bronze, and sterling silver. They have a wide range of applications in the making of...

Research and development (R&D, ) refers to the process undertaken by businesses in order to learn more about their industry. The new technological or scientific knowledge gained through R&D, is then applied to produce new or improved products and services that can be used or sold by the business. It is often classified into three categories, including development research, basic research and applied research. It encompasses tasks such as advan...

Asphalt is a dark, sticky, highly viscous liquid or a semi-solid that is made of petroleum. It can be derived from natural deposits or as a residue of the distillation process of petroleum. It is used as a sustainable paving solution composed of filler, aggregates, and binder. It has various types such as mastic asphalt, natural asphalt, cutback asphalt, residual asphalt, asphalt emulsion, and asphalt cement. It becomes soft when heated and is...

Titanium alloys are typically stronger than aluminum alloys and are lighter than steel. They have exceptional corrosion resistance and high tensile strength at extreme temperatures. They are used in numerous industries such as transportation industry, chemical industry, aerospace industry, and power generation industry. They can be easily welded and have exceptional formability. Titanium alloys have long been utilized for treating traumatic bo...

Chemical analysis refers to the study of the chemical composition and structure of different types of substances. The different techniques of chemical analysis are used to determine the exact chemical information of a substance. Chemical analysis is a part of analytical chemistry, which is a branch of chemistry involved in the study of instruments and methods for the separation, identification and quantification of matter. Some of the major ch...

Mathematical methods are widely used in various fields of science and engineering. The study of mathematical methods involves the study of multiple concepts such as advanced calculus, differential equations, complex analysis, linear algebra, and introductory mathematical physics. Linear algebra is a mathematical method that involves the study of vectors and matrices. This method has many applications ranging from mathematical physics to modern...

Corporate responsibility (CR) refers to the effect of an organization on the economy, society, and the environment. Sustainable development is referred to as the development that satisfies the requirements of the current generation without jeopardizing the capacity of future generations to satiate their needs. CR and sustainable development are related concepts, which directly impact corporate governance. Both of these emphasize on making effo...

The housing market refers to the property market where properties are bought and sold to buyers either directly or through real estate agents. It is a series of interconnected and location-specific submarkets, which exist on three different levels, namely, international, regional and urban. All countries have their unique set of housing problems and each country has its own different set of policies, practices, and institutions to deal with th...

A fluid refers to a type of liquid, gas or other substance that constantly flows due to an external force or shear stress. Fluid dynamics is a branch of fluid mechanics that studies the flow of fluids such as liquids and gases. There are two main subdisciplines of fluid dynamics, namely, hydrodynamics and aerodynamics. Fluid dynamics can be used to study phenomena such as ocean currents, plate tectonics, evolution of stars, weather patterns an...

Mental representation is an unobservable internal code for a physical item with semantic properties such as content, reference, truth-conditions and truth-value. It allows the depiction of both non-existent entities along with entities and events, which have not been experienced before. Cognitive semantics encompasses a broad range of descriptive models that cognitive linguistics have developed for the analysis of linguistic meaning. These mod...

Anisotropy refers to the property of a material that allows it to alter its properties or take on distinct properties in different directions. The property of anisotropy is observed in single crystals of solid materials such as solid compounds and elements. Anisotropy is utilized to describe circumstances in which properties change systematically depending on the direction. Anisotropic materials can have varying thermal conductivity and light ...

Mental representation is an unobservable internal code for a physical item with semantic properties such as content, reference, truth-conditions and truth-value. It allows the depiction of both non-existent entities along with entities and events, which have not been experienced before. Cognitive semantics encompasses a broad range of descriptive models that cognitive linguistics have developed for the analysis of linguistic meaning. These mod...

Travel and tourism technology can be described as the application of information and communications technology (ICT), e-commerce, and other technology solutions in the field of tourism, travel and hospitality. There are various emerging technological developments such as contactless payments, virtual reality, AI chatbots, cybersecurity measures, Internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence and augmented reality in the field of tourim and ...

The Yang-Baxter equation refers to a consistency equation which is based on the concept that particles may preserve their momentum while changing their quantum internal states in some scattering situations. It plays a significant role in theoretical physics and has numerous uses in various areas, ranging from condensed matter to string theory. The Yang-Baxter equation is linked to the universal gates from quantum computing and realizes a unifi...

Mathematical analysis is a mathematical discipline that deals with continuous functions, limits, and related theories such as differentiation, integration, infinite sequences, series and analytic functions. The field of mathematical analysis has multiple branches, which include real analysis, complex analysis, functional analysis, harmonics analysis and differential equations. Real analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis that involves th...

The field of study which focuses on numbers, formulas and associated structures, shapes and the spaces which contained them, and quantities and their changes is known as mathematics. Advanced mathematics is involved in the study of problems which cannot be solved using basic mathematical methods. They require a detailed understanding of the fundamentals of mathematics and advanced mathematical models. The advanced mathematical methods are invo...

Fractional differential equations or fractional order differential equations are generalized and non-integer order differential equations, which can be obtained in time and space with a power law memory kernel of the non-local relationships. They are also known as extraordinary differential equations. They are used to describe the functioning of various complex and non-local systems with memory. Fractional differential equations are applied ex...

Alloy refers to a mixture of two or more chemical elements, of which at least one is a metal. Alloy steels are the steels that are made by combining steel with other alloying elements in order to change their properties such as hardness, toughness, strength and wear resistance. Some of the common alloying elements include chromium, nickel, manganese, tungsten and vanadium. Alloy steels are classified into three types including low alloy steels...