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Biosemiotics (bios=life & semion=sign) is an interdisciplinary science that studies communication and signification in living systems. Communication is the essential characteristic of life. An organism is a message to future generations that specifies how to survive and reproduce. Any autocatalytic system transfers information (i.e. initial conditions) to its progeny so that daughter systems will eventually reach the same state as their parent...

The book on solid state chemistry presents studies of chemical, structural, thermodynamic, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties and processes in solids. Research areas include: bonding in solids, crystal chemistry, crystal growth mechanisms, diffusion epitaxy, high-pressure processes, magnetic properties of materials, optical characterisation of materials, order-disorder, phase equilibria and transformation mechanisms, reactions at sur...

The aim of this volume is to introduce and exchange recent new topics on the areas of inequality theory and their applications dealing in pure and applied mathematics.

Thirty-nine black members serve in the 107th Congress, all in the House of Representatives. In 210 years of congressional history, there have been 107 black members of Congress: 103 elected to the House and four to the Senate. The first black member of Congress was Hiram Rhodes Revels (R-MS) who first served in the Senate in the 41st Congress (1870). The first black member of the House was Joseph H. Rainey (R-SC), also serving in the 41st Cong...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disorder in the ageing population, with dementia as a common consequence. AD is defined pathologically by the appearance of extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, as described by Alois Alzheimer about a century ago. The causes for AD include genetic predisposition in a small population, ageing and environmental stresses in majority cases. The...

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Apoptosis is the regulated form of cell death. It is a complex process defined by a set of characteristic morphological and biochemical features that involves the active participation of affected cells in a self-destruction cascade. This programmed cell death plays a critical role in physiological functions such as cell deletion during embryonic development, balancing cell number in continuously renewing tissues and immune system development. ...

This book aims to present the progress in the science of polymers and monomer, synthesis, study of properties and application of polymers, polymer mixtures, composites and filled polymers. This book collects original articles and reviews important for both pure and applied chemistry. The application of polymers in medicine, composites and nanocomposites, reduction of polymer material combustibility, kinetics and the mechanism of various reacti...

Among the many applications of stem cell research are nervous system diseases, diabetes, heart disease, autoimmune diseases as well as Parkinson's disease, end-stage kidney disease, liver failure, cancer, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Stem cells are self-renewing, unspecialised cells that can give rise to multiple types all of specialised cells of the body. Stem cell research also involve...

mRNA (messenger RNA) is the mediating template between DNA and proteins. The information from a particular gene is transferred from a strand of DNA by the construction of a complementary strand of RNA through a process known as transcription. Next three nucleotide segments of RNA, called tRNA (transfer RNA), which are attached to specific amino acids, match up with the template strand of mRNA to order the amino acids correctly. These amino aci...

Apoptosis is the regulated form of cell death. It is a complex process defined by a set of characteristic morphological and biochemical features that involves the active participation of affected cells in a self-destruction cascade. This programmed cell death plays a critical role in physiological functions such as cell deletion during embryonic development, balancing cell number in continuously renewing tissues and immune system development. ...

The book on solid state chemistry presents studies of chemical, structural, thermodynamic, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties and processes in solids. Research areas include: bonding in solids, crystal chemistry, crystal growth mechanisms, diffusion epitaxy, high-pressure processes, magnetic properties of materials, optical characterisation of materials, order-disorder, phase equilibria and transformation mechanisms, reactions at sur...

The chapters in this book focus on three central themes: Current Challenges in Survey Development for People with Disabilities, Strategies to Promote Inclusion of People with Disabilities in Survey Development, Issues for Future Development. The book is primarily a book for researchers and practitioners in the disability field. Since the topics presented in the book crosscut multiple disciplines and thus may be suited for students and experts ...

Cancer is a group of different diseases (over 100) characterised by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cancer can arise in many sites and behave differently depending on its organ of origin. If a cancer spreads (metastasizes), the new tumour bears the same name as the original (primary) tumour. Significant progress has been made in recent years in the battle against cancer and in understanding its underlying biological mechanism...

Latin America is a diverse group countries with extremely diverse economies and political dynamics. Some are heavy in poverty and others are booming with petrodollars. They speak Spanish, Portuguese, and French. This book brings together analyses detailing crucial issues at the beginning of the 21st century.

Smart" materials respond to environmental stimuli with particular changes in some variables. For that reason they are often also called responsive materials. Depending on changes in some external conditions, "smart" materials change either their properties (mechanical, electrical, appearance), their structure or composition, or their functions. Mostly, "smart" materials are embedded in systems whose inherent properties can be favourably change...

With the death of Abraham Lincoln on April 15, 1865, Andrew Johnson was plunged into a national political morass. Johnson, a Southern Democrat and advocate of states' rights, had been chosen as Lincoln's second-term running mate. Now as Lincoln's successor, he faced a most difficult trial -- a divisiveness that threatened to undo the fabric of a nation desperately trying to mend itself after a great civil strife. For this self-educated tailor ...

This text on risk management is designed to improve on the risk management ability of managers. Risk is present in all business environments and it is the responsibility of all managers to manage risk properly. This is done in order to reduce its impact on company profit. Risk management creates a new study environment. It creates awareness about the various risks which can disrupt the smooth running of most business ventures and other organis...

Preface, Existence for set Differential Equations via Multivalued Operator Equations, Nonlocal Cauchy Problem for Abstract Functional Integrodifferential Equations, Existence Results for Discontinuous Functional Evolution Equations in Abstract Spaces, A Generalised Solution of the Black-Scholes Partial Differential Equation, Optimality and Duality for Multiobjective Fractional Programming with Generalised Invexity, Markovian Approach to the Ba...

The aim of this volume is to introduce new topics on the areas of difference, differential, integrodifferential and integral equations, evolution equations, control and optimisation theory, dynamic system theory, queuing theory and electromagnetism and their applications.