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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of three joint events - the International Workshop on Software Measurement, IWSM 2008, the DASMA Metrik Kongress, Metrikon 2008, and the International Conference on Software Process and Product Measurement, Mensura 2008, held in Munich, Germany, in November 2008. The 30 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from over 50 submissions for inclusion in the book. The papers...

Henri Bergson was an early 20th century French philosopher. Bergson's essay on laughter states that laughter is an intellectual response. We laugh because we feel uncomfortable when the unexpected occurs. When in a situation over which we have no control occurs, laughter is a release. We laugh when someone falls on a banana peel. We laugh when someone has toilet paper stuck to his or her shoe. Neither of these is particularly funny, but we laugh

Sir Rider Haggard was a British Victorian writer known for his adventure novels set is exotic places. His writings are sympathetic to the natives. He often portrayed Africans as heroic in his stories even though the main characters are usually European. King Solomon's Mines is first book in the Allan Quartermain series. Alan Quartermain was the main character in the succeeding novel Marie. He also appears in several sequels. Quartermain was a ...

Stephen Leacock was an early 20th century Canadian writer and economist. He received a PhD in political science from the University of Chicago. He opposed women's rights and non Anglo-Saxon immigration, however he was a supporter of social welfare legislation. Literary Lapses is a collection of short stories and anecdotes. This first book written by Leacock is an excellent example of his whit, humor and ability to use irony.

Captain Frederick Marryat (July 10, 1792 - August 9, 1848) was an English novelist, a contemporary and acquaintance of Charles Dickens, noted today as an early pioneer of the sea story. He is now known particularly for the semi-autobiographical novel Mr Midshipman Easy and his children's novel The Children of the New Forest.

Willa Sibert Cather (December 7, 1873[1] - April 24, 1947) was an American author who grew up in Nebraska. She is best known for her depictions of frontier life on the Great Plains in novels such as O Pioneers!, My Ántonia, and The Song of the Lark.

Emile Zola was a French novelist who wrote in the school of naturalism and is noted for his work in revolutionizing France. The Rougon-Macquart series brought Zola literary fame and is considered his life work. It took 25 years to finish the 20 volumes. The idea of writing the social history of a family encompassing several volumes probably came from his reading the works of Balzac. Zola shows how people in a family who appear to be quite indi...

Maria Montessori (1870 - 1952) was an Italian educator who developed an educational system based on child development. Her schools deal primarily with preschool and early elementary aged children. Her method is characterized by an emphasis on self-directed activity on the part of the child and clinical observation on the part of the teacher. The learning environment must be adapted to the maturity level of the child. New concepts are taught us...

How to Write a Play Letters from Augier, Banville, Dennery, Dumas, Gondinet, Labiche, Legouvé, Pailleron, Sardou, and Zola was published in 1916 and edited by James Brander Matthews. In the Introduction William Gillette says that there are no rules for writing a play and no answers to be found in these letters. Instead the letters written by contemporary playwrights are to be enjoyed. It is a fact that these playwrights do know how to write a ...

Juliette Augusta Magill Kinzie was a 19th century writer, historian and pioneer of the American widwest. After her time in Wisconsin her family moved to Chicago where they were active in civic matters. She was the founder of the Chicago Historical Society. Wau-bun is an account of the years 1830 - 1833. The story is part of an autobiography of a journey to and from Fort Winnebago and the time spent there. Some of the chapters include Departure...

Marcus Aurelius was Emperor of Rome from 121 to 180. Thoughts of Marcus Aurelius was written for school age children. The author believed that children should be given the wisdom of great leaders from all eras. Marcus Aurelius believed that human happiness arises in part from man's acceptance of his duties and responsibilities. He believed that one should accept calmly what cannot be avoided and perform one's duties as well as possible. "It wa...

Ibsen, considered to be the father of modern drama, was a Norwegian playwright. He is responsible for "realistic drama". When We Dead Awaken was Ibsen's final play. Rubek is an aging sculptor who has lost all interest in the world around him. Rubek has wealth, a beautiful wife and fame yet he is unhappy. He is in an emotional vacuum until he is jolted awake by a reunion with Irene, an earlier model of his. Irene is insane believing herself to ...

Horatio Alger wrote 135 dime novels in the latter part of the 19th century. His stories were rags to riches stories illustrating how down-and-out boys might be able to achieve the American Dream. Alger's stories empathize the need for hard work and honesty as a way to get ahead. Ragged Dick was his first novel published in 1867. In Alger's books real boys are seen doing honest things and being successful. Helping Himself begins with Deacon Gri...

Silas Weir was a 19th century American physician and writer. He became a specialist in neurology after serving in the Civil War in charge of nervous injuries and maladies at Turners Lane Hospital, Philadelphia. Weir writes of curing neural conditions by a rest cure consisting of isolation, confinement to bed, dieting and massage. Fat and Blood: An Essay on the Treatment of Certain Forms of Neurasthenia and Hysteria was written in 1877. Weir st...

Guy de Maupassant was a popular French writer in the 19th century. He was one of the first writers to write short stories. Many of his stories were set during the Franco-Prussian war. His stories show the futility of war and war's effects on the innocent. Bel Ami, published in 1885, is the story of journalist Georges Duroy. He manipulated a series of powerful, intelligent, and wealthy mistresses in order to become one of the most powerful men ...

Children who have a love for the adventure and romance of Arthurian legends will find this book by Howard Pyle a wonderful adventure story. Howard Pyle (1853 - 1911) was an American illustrator and writer of books for children. In 1900 he founded the Brandywine school of art and illustration. He is best known for his classic The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood and a 4 volume work on King Arthur. Men of Iron takes the reader back to the age of c...

William Booth was apprenticed to a pawnbroker at age eleven. He began reading and educated himself so that he could become a minister. Booth wanted to be an evangelist and when the Methodist church kept assigning him to pastoral work he left and began his own ministry. This led to the founding of the Salvation Army. The title In Darkest England was chosen after Booth had heard about the travels of Stanley in darkest Africa. Booth proposes to h...

Sir George Biddell Airy (1801 - 1892) was an English mathematician and astronomer. Airy is credited with research on planetary orbits, measuring the mean density of the Earth, and developing a method of solution of two-dimensional problems in solid mechanics. He worked with the Astronomer Royal in establishing Greenwich as the prime meridian.

M C Burritt wrote Apple Growing to help the small farmer interested in improving his apple production. Burritt had grown apples on a small farm in western New York. He combined his experience with observations of New England orchards in writing this book.

In this 1918 Pulitzer Prize winning story, widower Roger Gale, struggles to deal with the way his children and grandchildren respond to the changing society. His family is the story of a sixty-year-old New York man who reflects on his life and the lives of his three daughters. The women represent three separate types--one, maternal, the second devoted to social movements, and the third living a happy and carefree existence--and the father sees...