Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 109. Chapters: Kurt Gödel, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Karl Popper, Friedrich Hayek, Paul Feyerabend, Ernst Mach, Alfred Schütz, Rudolf Steiner, Otto Neurath, Franz Brentano, Hans Köchler, Vienna Circle, Martin Buber, Ludwig von Mises, Roland Benedikter, Ivan Illich, André Gorz, Anton Günther, Otto Weininger, Viktor Schauberger, German philosophy, Alexius Meinong, List of German-language philosophers, Jean Améry, Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Egon Friedell, Leopold Kohr, Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Nathan Birnbaum, Karl Kautsky, Martin A. Hainz, Christian von Ehrenfels, Walter Johannes Stein, Hans Kelsen, Max Adler, Wolfgang Stegmüller, Martin Balluch, Ernst Mally, Ingo Zechner, Nachman Krochmal, Otto Bauer, Othmar Spann, Wilhelm Jerusalem, Felix Weltsch, Gustav Bergmann, Herbert Feigl, Victor Kraft, Helene von Druskowitz, Friedrich Waismann, Ferdinand Ebner, Johann Nepomuk Ehrlich, Robert von Zimmermann, Theodor Gomperz, Richard Hönigswald, Gerhard Streminger, Hirsch Bär Fassel, Ludwig Landgrebe, Heinrich Gomperz, Johann Heinrich Loewe, Richard Wahle, Johann Heinrich Pabst, Hubert Schleichert, Adam Tanner, Olga Hahn-Neurath, Heinrich Racker, Gustav Kafka, Alois Riehl, Kurt Rudolf Fischer, Rudolf Maria Holzapfel, Thomas Resch, Oskar Ewald, Alfred Kastil. Excerpt: Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 - 29 April 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who held the professorship in philosophy at the University of Cambridge from 1939 until 1947. Described by Bertrand Russell as "the most perfect example I have known of genius as traditionally conceived, passionate, profound, intense, and dominating, " Wittgenstein is known for having inspired two of the century's principal philosophical movements, logical positivism and ordinary language philosophy, and for being one of the foremost figures in the tradition of analytic philosophy, though in his lifetime he published just one book review, one article, a children's dictionary, and the 75-page Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921). His work is usually divided between this early period, exemplified by the Tractatus, and his later period, articulated in the posthumously published Philosophical Investigations (1953). The early Wittgenstein was concerned with the relationship between propositions and the world, and hoped that by providing an account of this relationship all philosophical problems could be solved, these problems arise, he thought, because the logic of language is not evident in our ordinary use of language. The later Wittgenstein rejected many of the conclusions of the Tractatus, arguing that language is a kind of motley of language-games in which the meaning of words is derived from their public use in human activity. Born in Vienna towards the end of the 19th century, into one of Europe's wealthiest families, Wittgenstein would later give away his entire inheritance. He tried to leave philosophy several times, serving during the First World War on the front lines with the Austrian Army, where he was commended for his courage, teaching in schools in Austrian villages, where he found himself in trouble for hitting the children, and working during the Second World War as an orderly in Guy's Hospital, London, where only a few of the staff were told that the new porter