This book covers energy conservation and new technologies needed within the materials field for today's climate of high energy costs and environmental consequences of greenhouse gas emissions. Also included in this book are papers from the second symposium on carbon dioxide reduction metallurgy.This title includes approaches on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction in metal production by improved energy efficiency in life cycle fuel use, reductions in carbonate-based flux/raw material usage, as well as finding thermodynamically feasible reactions leading to lower emissions. Also covered are energy saving techniques for extraction and processing of ferrous and nonferrous metals and other materials.