This book examines the encounter between Impressionist painting and nineteenth-century consumer culture. Ruth E. Iskin explores the representation of feminine fashions, consumers, and sales-women in Parisian boutiques. She revises our understanding of the representation of women in Impressionist painting by refocusing the exploration of gender, from women’, s exclusion from the public spaces of modernity to their inclusion, and from the privileging of the male gaze to a plurality of gazes that includes women. Iskin also analyzes how paintings represent women as objects of display, and how they address women as spectators in active roles - as consumers, producers, or sellers - in a range of sites, such as the millinery boutique, the theatre, opera, café-concert and market stall. Considering a wide range of sources from nineteenth-century literature and visual culture, Iskin resituates Impressionist painting in the context of the culture of consumption.