This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the theoretical foundation and algorithmic tools necessary in the design of efficient tag counting and monitoring algorithms in emerging RFID systems. The book delivers an in-depth analysis on the following problems ranging from theoretical modeling and analysis, to practical algorithm design and optimization: Stability analysis of the frame slotted Aloha protocol, the de facto standard in RFID tag counting and identification, Tag population estimation in dynamic RFID systems, Missing tag event detection in the presence of unexpected tags, Missing tag event detection in multi-group multi-region RFID systems. The target readers are researchers and advanced-level engineering students interested in acquiring in-depth knowledge on the topic and on RFID systems and their applications.