Excerpt from The Modern Theory of Solution: Memoirs by Pfeffer, Van't Hoff Arrhenius, and Raoult

We find their strict analogues in the osmotic pressures of certain solutions. The laws of gas-pressure apply to the os motie pressures of dilute solutions of substances of the class of cane-sugar - z'. A, those substances whose solutions do not conduct the electric current. AS quickly as we turn to solu tions of the strong acids and bases, and salts, we find that all of them, when dissolved in water, exert an osmotic pressure against the water which is greater than would be calculated from the concentration. Just as the vapor-pressure of ammo nium chloride is abnormally large, so the osmotic pressure of solutions of substances such as those named above is abnor mally large. The gas laws not only apply to the osmotic press ure of solutions, but just as there are exceptions to these laws in gas-pressure, so, also, there are exceptions in osmotic pressure.

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